background: the human seminal fluid is a complex body fluid. it is not known how many proteins are expressed in the seminal plasma; however in analog with the blood it is possible up to 10,000 proteins are expressed in the seminal plasma. the human seminal fluid is a rich source of potential biomarkers for male infertility and reproduction disorder. methods: in this review, the ongoing list of ...

Background Levels of serum gonadotropins have direct effects on testicular functions and spermatogenesis. Assessment of levels of serum gonadotropins from fathered subjects and infertile patients indicates wide range diversity. In this study, we tried to find out whether the levels of seminal FSH and LH affect the parameters of seminal fluid analysis (SFA) and if there is any correlation betwee...

Background Levels of serum gonadotropins have direct effects on testicular functions and spermatogenesis. Assessment of levels of serum gonadotropins from fathered subjects and infertile patients indicates wide range diversity. In this study, we tried to find out whether the levels of seminal FSH and LH affect the parameters of seminal fluid analysis (SFA) and if there is any correlation betwee...

Seminal fluids are known to have a variety of effects on rival sperm, but in externally fertilizing species it is still unclear what effects seminal fluid can induce under sperm competition. We recorded sperm activity from natural ejaculates (including own seminal fluid) of an external fertilizer, the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), after activation either in water (the natural medium for mi...

Seminal fluid often makes up a large part of an ejaculate, yet most empirical and theoretical studies on sperm competition have focused on how sperm characteristics (number and quality) affect fertilization success. However, seminal fluid influences own sperm performance and may potentially influence the outcome of sperm competition, by also affecting that of rivals. As a consequence males may ...

Results A 54 year-old woman with no atopic history was referred for evaluation after four progressive episodes of post-coital reactions with her husband. The first two episodes consisted of itching of both palms and soles of feet with minimal vaginal pruritus. After abstaining, a third episode a month later consisted of hives on the patient’s legs and back with significant vaginal pruritus. The...